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MCQ-Public Finance...



Objective Questions





I. Choose the correct alphabet only.

1. When expenditure exceeds total tax revenue, it is called:

a) Surplus budget     b) Balanced budget   c) Deficit budget

d) None of these


2. Which of the following is not a fiscal instrument?



a) Open market operations b) Public expenditure


c) Taxation


d) None of these




3. An increase in tax rate when tax base expands represents: a) Progressive taxation b) Regressive taxation c) Proportional taxation d) None of these


4. Which of the following is a measure of fiscal policy?



a) Public expenditure                             b) C.R.R.


c) S.L.R.


d) Bank rate




5. The main difference between Public and Private Finance is:

a) Adjustment of income-expenditure                                        b) Satisfaction o human wants

c) Dissaving                                                                           d) Borrowings




6. The First Finance Commission was appointed in the year:

a) 1952                           b) 1950                           c) 1951





d) 1949




7. Maximum Social Advantage is achieved when

a)  Marginal Social Sacrifice = Marginal Social Benefit

b)  Total Social Sacrifice= Total Social Benefit

c)  Average Social Sacrifice = Average Social Benefit

d) Net Social Sacrifice = Net Social Benefit


8. In India, personal income tax is levied on individuals by:

a) Central Government                        b) State Government


c) Local bodies


d) None of these

9. Income tax is based on the principle of:


a) Ability to pay

b) Willingness to pay

c) Benefits received

d) None of these

10. The Principle of Maximum Social Advantage is associated with:
a) Dalton
b) Pigou

c) Seligman
d) Hicks
11. Which is not the characteristic of a tax?


a) No quid pro quo

b) Compulsory payment

c) Non –compulsory payment

d) Punishment to tax evader
12. Special assessment means:



a) General tax on all people

b) Gift tax

c) A tax for specific benefit conferred
d) None of these
13. Who is the exponent of the law of increasing state activities?

a) Dalton
b) Wagner

c) Seligman
d) Musgrave
14. Maximum Welfare Principle of Budget Determination is associated with
a) Adam Smith
b) Edwin Seligman

c) Hugh Dalton
d) Richard Musgrave

15. The Kelkar Proposals are concerned with:

a) Recommendations for reforms in the power sector
b) Recommendations for
tax reforms




c) Guidelines for the privatization of public sector undertakings
d) None of the above


16. Value Added Tax is:

a) Direct tax b) Indirect tax c) Progressive tax d) None of these




17. In the case of direct tax, impact and incidence are on:

a) Different person                  b) Same person          c) Sellers                                           d) None of these




18. The direct violation of Tax law is called:

a) Tax evasion                           b) Tax avoidance                      c) Tax Rebate                                          d) None of

these


19. The final resting place of the burden of tax is called:

a) Tax avoidance       b) Tax evasion                           c) Impact                             d) Incidence




20. Incidence of tax refers to:

a)  Initial resting place of the burden of tax

c) Both (a) and (b)





b)  Final resting place of the burden of tax

d)  None of these




21. Which of the following taxes is the most likely to be regressive?

a) Sales tax on mobile phone
b) Excise duties on Kerosene

c) Import duties on electronic goods
d) Entrainment tax

22. Impact of tax refers to:




a) Initial resting place of the burden of tax

b) Tax evasion

c) The final money burden of tax

d) None of these

23. Fiscal policy is the policy of:




a) RBI
b) NABARD
c) Government
d) All of these
24. The following is an example of direct taxes:



a) Sales tax
b) Income tax
c) Excise duties
d) Toll tax


25. If the rate of tax falls with an increase in income, it is called:

a) Proportional tax                   b) Progressive tax

c) Regressive tax                     d) None of these


26. Budget is an instrument of:

a) Monetary policy                   b) Fiscal policy

c) Trade policy                                         d) Exchange rate policy






27. The concept of functional finance was developed by:

a) J.M. Keynes            b) A.P. Lerner                             c) Kaldor







d) Pigou




28. In public finance shifting refers to:

a) Imposing tax

c ) Shifting of tax burden from one person to another





b) Avoiding of tax

d) None of these




29. The modern state is: a) Laissez –faire state c) Aristocratic state





b) Welfare state

d) Police state




30. According to Musgrave the major functions of public finance are: a) Allocative function b) Distributive function c) Stabilisation function d) All the above




31. Who was the first to recommend the adoption of an expenditure tax for India?

a) K.N. Raj                    b) Paul Krugman                       c) Raja J. Chelliah                          d) N. Kaldor


32. Which one of the following taxes is levied by the State Government only? a) Entertainment tax b) Corporation tax c )Wealth tax d) Income tax



33. The controlling authority of Government expenditure is:

a) RBI                                            b) Planning Commission


c) Ministry of Finance
d) Finance Commission


34. A tax levied upon a firm as a percentage of its value added


a) Merit tax
b) VAT
c) Turnover tax
d) Sales tax

35. A progressive tax weighs more heavily upon the



a) Poor
b) Wage earners
c) Farmers
d) Rich

36. The incidence of tax refers to:




a) The level and rate of taxation
b) Who ultimately pays the tax

c) The growth of taxation
d) The way in which tax is collected

37. Which tax cannot be shifted to others?



a) Excise duty
b) Sales tax
c) Entertainment tax
d) Wealth tax


38. Fiscal Federalism refers to ….

(a)  Sharing of political power between centre and states

(b)  Organising and implementing economic plans

(c)  Division of economic functions and resources among different layers of Govt.

(d)  None of these


39. Principle of sound finance refers to …

(a) Maximum Government spending
(b) Minimum Government spending
(c) Revenue and expenditure balanced at the minimum level
(d) None of these



40. The most important aim of fiscal policy in a developing country is

(a) economic stability
(b) economic development
(c) regional balance
(d) None of these


41. The income of the government through all its sources is called
(a) Public expenditure
(b) public revenue
(c) Public finance      
(d) none of these


42. Modvat means

(a) Modified value added tax                           (b) moderate value added tax

(c) Modest value added tax                (d) modern value added tax


43. Primary deficit means:

(a)  Fiscal deficit- Interestpayment (b)Revenue deficit-interest payments

(c) Fiscal deficit+ revenue deficit     (d) Budgetary deficit


44. Public Expenditure increases

(a) Interest rate                                        (b) Employment

(c) Exports                                                 (d) Imports


45. Defict financing includes



a) Borrowing from the Central Bank


b) Issues of new currency by the
Government



C) Withdrawal of past accumulated cash balance by the government
d) All the
above



46. The principle of Maximum Social Advantage is connected with

(a) Taxation      
(b) Expenditure

(c) Public Debt

(d) Both (A) and (B)

47. Which of the following does not form the basis of sound finance?

(a) Say’s Law

(b) Assumption of full employment

(c) Ricardian Equivalence Theorem
(d) Lerner’s Fundamental Rules

48. In the case of relatively elastic demand, the money burden of tax is on

(a) More on seller
(b) More on buyer

(c) Entirely on seller
(d) Entirely on buyer







49. When the supply is more elastic, the money burden of tax is on



(a) More on seller


(b) More on buyer



(c) Entirely on seller


(d) Entirely on buyer






Answers


1. C -Deficit Budget
13. b-Wagner
27. b-A.P. Learner
39. c-revenue
2. a- open market
14. d- Richard
28. c-shifting of tax
expenditure balanced
operations
Musgrave
burden from one
at the minimum level
3. a-progressive
15. b-
person to another
40.b-economic
taxation
recommendations for
29. b-welfare state
development
4.a- Public expenditure
tax reforms
30. d-all the above
41. b-public revenue
5. a-balance of income-
16. b-indirect tax
31. d-Kaldor
42. a-modified value
expenditure
17. b-same person
32. a-entertainment
added tax
6. c-1951
18. a-tax evasion
tax
43. a-Fiscal deficit-
7. a-Marginal Social
19. d-incidence
33. c-Ministry of
interest
Sacrifice= Marginal
20. b-final resting
Finance
44. b-employment
Social Benefit
place of the burden of
34. b-VAT
45. d-all the above
8. a-Central
tax
35. d-Rich
46. b-Expenditure
Government
21. b-expenditures on
36. b-who ultimately
47. d- Lerner’s
9. a-Ability to pay
Kerosene
pays the tax
Fundamental Rules
10. a-Dalton
22. a-initial resting
37. c-entertainment
48. a- More on seller
11. c-Non-compulsory
place of the burden of
tax
49. b- More on buyer
payment
tax
38. c-division of

12. c-a tax for specific
23. c-Government
economic functions

benefit conferred
24. b-Income tax
and resources among


25. c-regressive tax
different layers of


26. b-fiscal policy
Government








Objective Questions

Choose the correct alphabet only.

1.  Which theory states that a nation will tend to export commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor?

A)  Heckscher-Ohlin theory

B)      Stolper-Samuelson theory

C)    Product cycle theory

D)     Intraindustry trade theory Answer: A

2.  Which of the following is a part of the Heckscher-Ohlin model that states international trade will bring about equalization in the returns to homogeneous factors across nations?

A)  Factor-price equalization theorem

B)      Factor-proportions theory

C)    Factor-endowment theory

D)     Product cycle theory Answer: A

3.  The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is often referred to as: A) Factor-price equalization theorem

B)      Factor-proportions theory

C)    Factor-endowment theory

D)     Both b and c

Answer: D

4.  Which of the following states that a nation will export commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and that international trade brings about equalization in returns to homogeneous factors across countries:

A)  Heckscher-Ohlin theory

B)      Stolper-Samuelson theorem

C)    Differentiated product theorem

D)     None of the above

Answer: A

5.  The ______________ hypothesizes that a portion of international trade is based on the introduction of new products or processes:

A)  specific-factors model

B)      technological gap model

C)    product cycle model

D)     real business cycle model Answer: B

7. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ in A. tastes.

B. military capabilities C. size

D. relative availabilities of factors of production Answer: D


8.  In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher- Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade will benefit the owners of

A. capital.

B. the relatively abundant factor of production C. the relatively scarce factor of production

D. the relatively inelastic factor of production

E. the factor of production with the largest elasticity of substitution Answer: B

9. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a country's

A. technology

B. advertising

C. human capital

D. factor endowment

E. Both A and B. Answer: D

10. As opposed to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that the probability is greater that with trade

A. countries will not be fully specialized in one product. B. countries will benefit from free international trade.

C. countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier. D. comparative advantage is primarily supply related.

Answer: A

11. Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Country H is relatively labor abundant, then once trade begins

A. wages and rents should rise in H B. wages and rents should fall in H

C. wages should rise and rents should fall in H. D. wages should fall and rents should rise in H. Answer: C

12. Which of the following is false (for the Heckscher-Ohlin model)?

A. Differences in technologies could be the source of gains from trade.

B. Some groups may gain and some may lose due to trade.

C. Gains for the trade-related winners will tend to be larger than losses of losers.

D. None of the above.

Answer: A

13. Suppose that there are two factors, capital and land, and that the United States is relatively land endowed while the European Union is relatively capital-endowed. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model,

A. European landowners should support US-European free trade.

B. European capitalists should support US-European free trade.

C. all capitalists in both countries should support free trade.

D. all landowners should support free trade.

Answer: B

14. The Hechscher-Ohlin model states that a country will have a comparative advantage in the good or service whose production is relatively intensive in the ______ with which the country is relatively abundant.

A. tastes.

B. technology

C. factor of production D. opportunity cost Answer: C


15. One way in which the Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardo model of comparative advantage is by assuming that __________ is (are) identical in all countries.

A. factor of production endowments

B. scale economies

C. factor of production intensities

D. technology

Answer: D

16. According to the Hecksher-Ohlin model, A. everyone automatically gains from trade

B. the scarce factor necessarily gains from trade

C. the gainers could compensate the losers and still retain gains. D. a country gains if its exports have a high value added.

Answer: C

17. The Heckscher-Ohlin model assumes that _____ are identical in all trading countries A. Gross domestic products

B. technologies

C. factor endowments D. Both A. and B. Answer: B

18.  Transportation costs include:

A)     Freight charges

B)      Warehousing costs

C)    Costs associated with loading and unloading shipments

D)     All of the above

Answer: D

19.  Which economist laid the foundation for the factor endowment theory with his article entitled “The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income”?

A) Eli Heckscher B) Bertil Ohlin C) Alfred Marshal D) Raymond Vernon Answer: A

20.  According to the factor endowment theory, nations heavily endowed with labor will:

A)     Import more labor intensive goods

B)      Export more labor intensive goods

C)    Have an absolute advantage in labor intensive goods

D)     Have a comparative advantage in capital intensive goods Answer: B

21.  Which of the following states that the difference in relative factor abundance and relative factor prices is the cause of the pretrade difference in relative commodity prices between two nations?

A) Stolper-Samuelson theorem B) Differentiated product theorem C) Heckscher-Ohlin theorem D) None of the above

Answer: C

22.  Assume that Country A is relatively abundant in capital and relatively scarce in land. According to the factor endowment theory, with free trade, the internal distribution of income in Country A will change in favor of:

A)  capital


B)      land

C)    both capital and land

D)     neither capital nor land Answer: A

23.  Assume the cost of transporting computers from US to Japan is greater than the pre-trade price difference for computers between US and Japan. Trade in computers between US and Japan will:

A) be very profitable for both parties

B) be a breakeven proposition for both parties C) occur

D) not occur Answer: D

24.  For trade to occur, the Heckscher-Ohlin model requires that:

A)     Both nations have identical tastes

B)      Both nations have exactly the same level of technology

C)    Both nations only have broadly similar tastes because the level of technology is not relevant

D)     both nations have broadly similar tastes and technology

Answer: D

25. Mexico is relatively abundant in labor, while Canada is relatively abundant in capital. In both nations, the production of televisions is relatively more capital intensive than the production of corn. According to the factor endowment theory, Mexico will have a(n):

A)     absolute advantage in the production of corn and computers

B)      absolute advantage in the production of corn

C)    comparative advantage in the production of corn

D)     comparative advantage in the production of computers Answer: C


26.  A product will be internationally trades as long as the pre-trade price differential between the trading partners is:

A) equal to the transportation cost of the good

B) greater than the transportation cost of the good C) less than the transportation cost of the good

D) none of the above Answer: B

27.  Which of the following is not an example of a capital rich nation?

A)     Canada

B)      Germany

C)    Bangladesh

D)     Italy

Answer: C

28.  Assume both labor and capital are completely mobile, and a nation is capital rich/labor scarce. In order to increase welfare, what kind of trade policy should the government adapt?

A)  Restrict all trade, because the standard of living will decline and people will be worse off

B)      Only restrict trade that will make the real wage fall, and allow trade that will not affect wages

C)    Not restrict trade, because the real wage will eventually cycle back to the pre-trade value, eliminating any losses in the standard of living

D)     Not restrict trade, because any decline in real wages will be matched with an even larger gain by those who own capital

Answer: D

29. Which of the following are possible sources of bias for the Leontief paradox?


A)     Leontief only used a two-factor model

B)      Misclassification of factors such as natural resources

C)    The inclusion of only physical capital in the measure of capital

D)     All of the above

Answer: D

30.  Which of the following factors were not considered within the framework of the Leontief paradox? A) Human capital

B)      Physical capital

C)    Natural resources

D)     Both A & C Answer: D

31.  In the real world, a reason factor-price equalization of labor does not completely hold true is that: A) it is unrealistic to assume that there are no trade restrictions

B)      although technology among most countries is the same, workers are not able to make efficient use of it in every nation, thus keeping factor prices from equalizing

C)    although labor is completely mobile it assumes the value in the country to which it moved and thus has no effect on the overall factor price of that country.

D)     None of the above

Answer: A

32.  With ______________, inputs increase proportionately more than the increase in output. A) Increasing returns to scale

B)      Decreasing returns to scale

C)    Constant returns to scale

D)     International returns to scale Answer: B

33.  With ______________, inputs increase in direct proportion to the increase in output. A) increasing returns to scale

B) decreasing returns to scale C) constant returns to scale D) international returns to scale Answer: C

34.  Some forces that improve upon the inadequacies of the Heckscher-Ohlin model in explaining basis for international trade are:

A)  Economies of scale

B)      Product differentiation

C)    Technological differences

D)     All of the above Answer: D

35.  With ______________, inputs increase proportionately less than the increase in output. A) increasing returns to scale

B) decreasing returns to scale C) constant returns to scale D) international returns to scale Answer: A

36.  Increasing returns to scale generally exist because of:

A)     greater division of labor and labor specialization

B)      specialized and productive machinery

C)    less and less expensive factors of production

D)     Both A and B

Answer: D



37.  Which of the following is not an explanation for why high-income and labor-saving products are most likely to be introduced in rich nations?

A) The opportunities for doing so are the greatest in rich nations

B) Poor countries actually prefer products and services associated with being low-income

C) The development of new products requires proximity to markets so as to benefit from consumer feedback in modifying the product

D) There is no need to provide service Answer: B

38.The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the former

A. has only two countries.

B. has only two products.

C. has two factors of production.

D. has two production possibility frontiers (one for each country).

Answer: C

39. According to the theory of comparative advantage, which of the following is not a reason why countries trade?

a. Comparative advantage.

b. Costs are higher in one country than in another. c. Prices are lower in one country than in another.

d. Exports give a country a political advantage over other countries that export less. Ans: d

40. According to the theory of comparative advantage, countries gain from trade because

a. Trade makes firms behave more competitively, reducing their market power.

b. All firms can take advantage of cheap labor.

c. Output per worker in each firm increases.

d. World output can rise when each country specializes in what its does relatively best. Ans: d

41. If international trade takes place as a result of comparative advantage, it will cause which of the following effects in the participating countries?

a. Inequality among households will be reduced. b. All individuals in each country will be better off.

c. The average well-being of people in both countries will increase. d. Both countries will grow faster over time.

Ans: c

42.  The existence of which type of dumping most likely constitutes the strongest argument for the imposition of an antidumping duty?

a. Predatory dumping b. Persistent dumping c. Sporadic dumping

d. All three types generate equally string arguments for the imposition of an antidumping duty. Ans: a

43. The optimum tariff

a. must occur in the elastic range of the tariff-imposing home country's offer curve.

b. takes account of the probability that the partner country will retaliate with protective measures of its own.

c. maximizes total export sales of the imposing country.

d. must occur in the elastic range of the partner country's offer cure.

Ans: d


44. A specific tariff is

a. Any tax on a particular imported good (as opposed to one on all imports).

b. An import tax that must be paid in kind (giving the government the good itself). c. A requirement to pay the government a specified fraction of the monetary value of an imported good.

d. A tax on imports defined as an amount of currency per unit of the good.

Ans: d

45. A tariff on imports benefits domestic producers of the imported good because a. They get the tariff revenue.

b. It raises the price for which they can sell their product on the domestic market. c. It prevents imports from rising above a specified quantity.

d. It reduces their producer surplus, making them more efficient. Ans: b

46. When a large country levies a tariff on imports

a. The world price falls.

b. Demanders of the good on the domestic market are hurt c. The domestic price rises by less than the tariff.

d. All of the above.

Ans: d

47. Which of the following refers to the fact that a large country can benefit by levying a tariff?

a. The “optimal tariff”

b. The “terms of trade effect of a tariff” c. The “monopoly effect of a tariff”

d. All of the above Ans: d

48. The WTO’s Agreement on Textiles and Clothing promised

a. To prevent job losses in these industries in developed countries.

b. To phase out all quotas on textiles and apparel by Dec. 31, 2004.

c. To eliminate tariffs on these products in the next round of trade negotiations.

d. To help developing countries escape from these dead-end industries.

Ans: b

49. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ in

a.     military capabilities.

b.     size.

c.     labor productivities.

d.     relative availabilities of factors of production. Answer: d


50. In the Ricardian Model of trade, under autarky (closed economy)

a.     Relative prices are determined by technology

b.     Countries tend to specialize in the production of a single good

c.     Production is determined by comparative advantage

d.     None of the above

Answer: a

True/False

1. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is often referred to as the factor-proportion theory. Answer: True


2. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is often referred to as the factor-endowment theory. Answer: True

3.  International trade acts as a substitute for the international mobility of factors of production in its effect on factor prices.

Answer: True

4.  Leontief’s empirical findings agreed with the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model which predicts that, as the most capital abundant nation, the U.S. should import labor-intensive products.

Answer: False

5.  Non-traded goods and services are those that are not traded because of international barriers to entry, such as exorbitant import tariffs.

Answer: False



6.  According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, if country A has a comparative advantage in producing good X, and country B has a comparative advantage in producing good Y, if those countries have similar tastes it is possible for those two countries to reach a higher indifference curve with the introduction of trade.

Answer: True

7.  According to Ricardian theory, comparative advantage depends on relative differences in labor productivity.

Answer: T


8.  Free international trade will continue to expand until the real wages for the same type of labor in the two nations and the real rate of interest for the same type of capital in the two nations are completely equalized.

Answer: True

9.  Labor unions in developed nations are usually against trade restrictions because it impedes their ability to acquire skilled workers that can assist in acquiring additional benefits and wage increases.

Answer: False

10.  The Heckscher-Ohlin theory asserts that relative differences in labor productivity underlie comparative advantage. F

3.The factor-endowment theory highlights the relative abundance of a nation’s resources as the key factor underlying comparative advantage. T

4.According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will export that good for which a large amount of the relatively scarce resource is used. F

5.According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will import that good for which a large amount of the relatively abundant resource is used. F


6.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory suggests that land-abundant nations will export land-intensive goods while labor-abundant nations will export labor-intensive goods. T

7.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory contends that over a period of years a country that initially is an exporter of a product will become an importer of that product. F

8.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes the role that demand plays in the creation of comparative advantage. F

9.The factor-endowment theory asserts that with specialization and trade there tends to occur equalization in the relative resource prices of trading partners. T

10.According to the factor-endowment theory, international specialization and trade cause a nation’s cheap resource to become cheaper and a nation’s expensive resource to become more expensive. F

11.Fears about the downward pressure that cheap foreign workers place on U.S. wages have led U.S. labor unions to lobby for import restrictions such as tariffs and quotas. T

12.According to the factor-price-equalization theory, international trade results in the relative differences in resource prices between nations being eliminated. T

13.Empirical testing by Wassily Leontief gave support to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of trade. F

14.The Leontief Paradox was the first major challenge to the product-life-cycle theory of trade. F

15.The factor-price-equalization theory is a short-run version of the specific-factors theory. F

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