SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EXCLUSION-100 MCQs |
1. Social exclusion is best defined as:
A. Unequal distribution of income only
B. The process by which individuals or groups are systematically prevented from participating fully in society
C. Lack of political participation only
D. Absence of economic growth
Answer: B
2. Which scholar is most closely associated with the Capability Approach?
A. Karl Marx
B. Max Weber
C. Amartya Sen
D. Milton Friedman
Answer: C
3. According to Amartya Sen, poverty should primarily be viewed as:
A. Lack of income
B. Deprivation of capabilities
C. Unemployment
D. Food shortage
Answer: B
4. Social exclusion differs from poverty because it:
A. Refers only to unemployment.
B. Includes economic, political, cultural and social deprivation.
C. Measures income inequality only.
D. Exists only in developing countries.
Answer: B
5. Which concept is the opposite of social exclusion?
A. Liberalization
B. Privatization
C. Social Inclusion
D. Industrialization
Answer: C
6. Which constitutional provision abolishes untouchability in India?
A. Article 14
B. Article 15
C. Article 17
D. Article 21
Answer: C
7. Article 15 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of:
A. Religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
B. Income only
C. Occupation only
D. Political opinion only
Answer: A
8. Which Article guarantees equality before law?
A. Article 14
B. Article 16
C. Article 19
D. Article 32
Answer: A
9. Economic exclusion primarily refers to:
A. Religious discrimination
B. Denial of access to employment, markets, assets and income opportunities
C. Linguistic diversity
D. Cultural identity
Answer: B
10. Which of the following is not generally considered an indicator of social exclusion?
A. Lack of education
B. Social isolation
C. Political participation
D. Stock market capitalization
Answer: D
11. Which group has historically experienced institutionalized social exclusion in India?
A. Scheduled Castes
B. Industrial workers
C. Bank employees
D. Government pensioners
Answer: A
12. The concept of "relative deprivation" refers to:
A. Absolute poverty
B. Feeling deprived compared with others
C. Food insecurity only
D. Inflation
Answer: B
13. Which international organization publishes the Human Development Report?
A. IMF
B. World Bank
C. UNDP
D. WTO
Answer: C
14. Human Development Index (HDI) includes:
A. Income, education and life expectancy
B. GDP only
C. Literacy only
D. Employment only
Answer: A
15. Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) directly focuses on reducing inequality?
A. SDG 1
B. SDG 4
C. SDG 8
D. SDG 10
Answer: D
16. Financial inclusion primarily aims at:
A. Increasing tax collection
B. Providing access to affordable financial services
C. Increasing exports
D. Reducing inflation
Answer: B
17. Which of the following is an example of financial exclusion?
A. Having multiple bank accounts
B. Lack of access to banking and credit services
C. High digital literacy
D. Owning mutual funds
Answer: B
18. The "digital divide" refers to:
A. Difference between analog and digital computers
B. Unequal access to digital technologies and the internet
C. Difference in television ownership
D. Mobile phone tariffs
Answer: B
19. Inclusive growth primarily seeks to:
A. Maximize industrial output
B. Ensure that the benefits of economic growth are shared broadly across society
C. Increase exports only
D. Privatize public enterprises
Answer: B
20. Which of the following best illustrates labour market exclusion?
A. High literacy
B. Denial of equal employment opportunities
C. Higher wages
D. Economic growth
Answer: B
21. Gender-based exclusion commonly results in:
A. Equal wages automatically
B. Lower labour force participation of women
C. Higher political participation in every country
D. Elimination of poverty
Answer: B
22. Which constitutional Article provides equality of opportunity in public employment?
A. Article 16
B. Article 17
C. Article 21
D. Article 39
Answer: A
23. Which social scientist introduced the concept of social capital?
A. Pierre Bourdieu
B. Adam Smith
C. David Ricardo
D. Thomas Malthus
Answer: A
24. Which of the following is generally regarded as a consequence of social exclusion?
A. Increased social cohesion
B. Political marginalization
C. Universal employment
D. Equal opportunity
Answer: B
25. Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between social and economic exclusion?
A. They are completely independent.
B. Social exclusion often reinforces economic exclusion, and vice versa.
C. Economic exclusion eliminates social exclusion.
D. Only social exclusion affects development.
Answer: B
26. Which committee first emphasized the concept of Social Exclusion in the European Union?
A. Delors Commission
B. European Commission
C. Maastricht Committee
D. Lisbon Commission
Answer: B
27. The concept of Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed jointly by:
A. IMF and WTO
B. UNDP and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI)
C. World Bank and WHO
D. UNICEF and UNESCO
Answer: B
28. Which of the following dimensions is not included in the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)?
A. Health
B. Education
C. Living Standards
D. Political Representation
Answer: D
29. The Capability Approach argues that development should be evaluated primarily by:
A. Growth in GDP
B. Increase in exports
C. Expansion of people's freedoms and capabilities
D. Increase in tax collection
Answer: C
30. Which constitutional provision enables the State to make special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes?
A. Article 15(4)
B. Article 14
C. Article 20
D. Article 51A
Answer: A
31. Article 46 of the Constitution directs the State to promote the educational and economic interests of:
A. Industrial workers only
B. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and weaker sections
C. Government employees
D. Farmers only
Answer: B
32. Which constitutional body safeguards the interests of Scheduled Castes?
A. Finance Commission
B. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
C. Election Commission
D. NITI Aayog
Answer: B
33. Which constitutional body safeguards the interests of Scheduled Tribes?
A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
B. UPSC
C. CAG
D. GST Council
Answer: A
34. Which legislation is specifically intended to prevent atrocities against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes?
A. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
B. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
C. Right to Information Act
D. Consumer Protection Act
Answer: B
35. Which of the following is a major cause of tribal exclusion?
A. Excessive industrial employment
B. Geographic isolation and displacement
C. High urbanization
D. High banking penetration
Answer: B
36. Social exclusion of persons with disabilities often results from:
A. Physical, institutional and attitudinal barriers
B. High income
C. Universal accessibility
D. Equal educational opportunities everywhere
Answer: A
37. Which legislation provides a rights-based framework for persons with disabilities in India?
A. Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
B. Factories Act
C. Industrial Disputes Act
D. Companies Act
Answer: A
38. Which indicator best reflects economic exclusion?
A. Cultural diversity
B. Limited access to productive assets and employment opportunities
C. High voter turnout
D. Religious freedom
Answer: B
39. Which social scientist introduced the concept of "Social Closure", explaining exclusion through monopolization of opportunities?
A. Karl Marx
B. Max Weber
C. Talcott Parsons
D. Herbert Spencer
Answer: B
40. Pierre Bourdieu argued that exclusion is reinforced through unequal distribution of:
A. Only income
B. Economic, social and cultural capital
C. Military power
D. Political parties
Answer: B
41. Which of the following best describes structural exclusion?
A. Temporary unemployment
B. Exclusion resulting from institutional arrangements and social structures
C. Individual lifestyle choices
D. Seasonal migration
Answer: B
42. The concept of intersectionality explains that:
A. One form of discrimination exists independently of others.
B. Multiple forms of disadvantage interact simultaneously.
C. Gender is the only basis of exclusion.
D. Economic inequality has no social dimension.
Answer: B
43. Which of the following groups is most vulnerable to intersectional exclusion?
A. Urban professionals
B. Dalit women with disabilities
C. Corporate executives
D. Bank managers
Answer: B
44. Which of the following is an important indicator of educational exclusion?
A. High literacy rate
B. High dropout rate among disadvantaged groups
C. High enrolment in higher education
D. Universal internet access
Answer: B
45. Which government initiative aims to promote financial inclusion through universal access to banking services?
A. Make in India
B. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
C. Smart Cities Mission
D. Bharatmala Project
Answer: B
46. Which institution is primarily responsible for promoting financial inclusion policies in India?
A. RBI
B. SEBI
C. NITI Aayog
D. UPSC
Answer: A
47. Which of the following best reflects digital exclusion?
A. High-speed internet in every village
B. Lack of access to affordable digital infrastructure and digital literacy
C. Universal smartphone ownership
D. High online banking usage
Answer: B
48. Which Sustainable Development Goal directly seeks to "Leave No One Behind"?
A. SDG 5 only
B. The overarching principle guiding all Sustainable Development Goals
C. SDG 8 only
D. SDG 15 only
Answer: B
49. Which of the following is an example of labour market discrimination?
A. Equal wages for equal work
B. Refusing employment solely because of caste or gender
C. Merit-based recruitment
D. Open competitive examinations
Answer: B
50. Which statement best summarizes the relationship between social justice and social inclusion?
A. Social justice focuses only on courts.
B. Social inclusion is one of the principal means of achieving social justice.
C. They are unrelated concepts.
D. Social justice applies only to economic policy.
Answer: B
51. Absolute poverty refers to:
A. Poverty measured relative to the average income of society.
B. Inability to meet the minimum basic needs required for survival.
C. Poverty caused only by unemployment.
D. Temporary reduction in income.
Answer: B
52. Relative poverty is best defined as:
A. Poverty measured against a fixed subsistence level.
B. Poverty measured in relation to the living standards of the society.
C. Lack of food only.
D. Rural poverty only.
Answer: B
53. The Lorenz Curve is primarily used to represent:
A. Economic growth.
B. Distribution of income or wealth.
C. Inflation trends.
D. Population growth.
Answer: B
54. A Gini Coefficient of 0 indicates:
A. Complete inequality.
B. Perfect equality.
C. Moderate inequality.
D. Maximum poverty.
Answer: B
55. A higher Gini Coefficient signifies:
A. Lower inequality.
B. Greater income inequality.
C. Higher literacy.
D. Better human development.
Answer: B
56. Which of the following is not generally considered a dimension of social exclusion?
A. Economic participation
B. Political participation
C. Social participation
D. Climatic conditions
Answer: D
57. Which approach views poverty primarily as a denial of basic human rights?
A. Human Rights-Based Approach
B. Mercantilist Approach
C. Classical Growth Theory
D. Monetarist Approach
Answer: A
58. Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination?
A. Individual prejudice only.
B. Policies or practices that disadvantage certain groups despite appearing neutral.
C. Temporary unemployment.
D. Inflation.
Answer: B
59. Which constitutional provision directs the State to minimize inequalities in income and opportunities?
A. Article 38
B. Article 14
C. Article 21
D. Article 51
Answer: A
60. Gender Budgeting primarily aims to:
A. Prepare separate budgets for women.
B. Assess the gender impact of government budgets and policies.
C. Increase taxes on women.
D. Provide subsidies only to women entrepreneurs.
Answer: B
61. Which Ministry is the nodal ministry for Gender Budgeting in India?
A. Ministry of Home Affairs
B. Ministry of Finance
C. Ministry of Women and Child Development
D. Ministry of Labour and Employment
Answer: C
62. Which social group is most likely to experience multiple deprivation?
A. Urban upper-middle-class households.
B. Scheduled Tribe women living in remote areas.
C. Corporate employees.
D. Retired civil servants.
Answer: B
63. Which of the following is a major reason for urban social exclusion?
A. Universal housing.
B. Growth of informal settlements (slums).
C. Universal employment.
D. Equal access to healthcare.
Answer: B
64. Informal sector workers are particularly vulnerable because they generally lack:
A. Educational qualifications.
B. Social security and employment protection.
C. Political rights.
D. Voting rights.
Answer: B
65. Which legislation provides a legal guarantee for wage employment in rural India?
A. National Food Security Act
B. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
C. Companies Act
D. GST Act
Answer: B
66. MGNREGA contributes to reducing exclusion mainly by:
A. Providing guaranteed wage employment to rural households.
B. Promoting exports.
C. Increasing industrial production.
D. Expanding foreign investment.
Answer: A
67. Which Act legally recognizes food as an entitlement for eligible households?
A. Essential Commodities Act
B. National Food Security Act, 2013
C. Consumer Protection Act
D. Public Distribution Act
Answer: B
68. Which programme primarily aims to improve nutritional outcomes for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children?
A. PM-KISAN
B. POSHAN Abhiyaan
C. Make in India
D. PM Gati Shakti
Answer: B
69. Health exclusion often results from:
A. Universal health insurance.
B. Lack of affordable and accessible healthcare services.
C. Increased life expectancy.
D. High vaccination coverage.
Answer: B
70. Which of the following is considered an important indicator of health exclusion?
A. High immunization rate.
B. High maternal mortality rate among disadvantaged communities.
C. Increased doctor-patient ratio.
D. Universal institutional deliveries.
Answer: B
71. Which government initiative seeks to provide financial protection against catastrophic health expenditure?
A. Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)
B. PMJDY
C. Digital India
D. PM SVANidhi
Answer: A
72. Which of the following is a major cause of migrant workers' social exclusion?
A. Universal portability of benefits.
B. Lack of identity documents, social security, and access to public services.
C. High wages.
D. Permanent housing.
Answer: B
73. Digital financial inclusion refers to:
A. Replacing banks with cryptocurrency.
B. Delivery of financial services through digital platforms to underserved populations.
C. Online shopping only.
D. Mobile phone manufacturing.
Answer: B
74. Which indicator is commonly used to measure gender inequality internationally?
A. Human Development Index (HDI)
B. Gender Inequality Index (GII)
C. Consumer Price Index (CPI)
D. Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)
Answer: B
75. Which statement best reflects the concept of inclusive development?
A. Economic growth alone is sufficient for development.
B. Development should expand opportunities and improve the quality of life for all sections of society, especially marginalized groups.
C. Development should focus only on industrial output.
D. Inclusion is achieved only through welfare schemes.
Answer: B
76. According to John Rawls' Difference Principle, social and economic inequalities are justified only if they:
A. Maximize national income regardless of distribution.
B. Benefit the least advantaged members of society.
C. Reward only the most productive individuals.
D. Eliminate all forms of taxation.
Answer: B
77. Which philosopher proposed the concept of the "Veil of Ignorance" as a basis for justice?
A. Robert Nozick
B. John Rawls
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Karl Popper
Answer: B
78. Robert Nozick's theory of justice differs from Rawls because Nozick emphasizes:
A. Redistribution through taxation.
B. Entitlement based on just acquisition and voluntary transfer.
C. Equality of outcomes.
D. State ownership of all property.
Answer: B
79. Which of the following best distinguishes equality from equity?
A. Equality and equity are identical concepts.
B. Equality provides the same resources to everyone, whereas equity allocates resources according to need.
C. Equity ignores disadvantaged groups.
D. Equality focuses only on income.
Answer: B
80. According to Acemoglu and Robinson, long-term economic prosperity is most closely associated with:
A. Extractive institutions.
B. Inclusive political and economic institutions.
C. High military expenditure.
D. Natural resource abundance alone.
Answer: B
81. Which of the following is an example of social mobility?
A. Increase in inflation.
B. A child from a low-income family becoming a civil servant through education.
C. Migration due to floods.
D. Expansion of urban population.
Answer: B
82. Intergenerational mobility refers to:
A. Migration between countries.
B. Change in social or economic status across generations.
C. Movement between occupations during a career.
D. Urbanization.
Answer: B
83. Which type of unemployment contributes most directly to long-term social exclusion?
A. Frictional unemployment.
B. Seasonal unemployment.
C. Long-term structural unemployment.
D. Voluntary unemployment.
Answer: C
84. Which statement best reflects the concept of affirmative action?
A. Equal treatment without considering historical disadvantage.
B. Special measures designed to improve opportunities for disadvantaged groups.
C. Elimination of competitive examinations.
D. Privatization of education.
Answer: B
85. Reservation policies in India are primarily intended to:
A. Increase tax revenues.
B. Promote substantive equality by improving representation of historically disadvantaged groups.
C. Reduce international migration.
D. Increase industrial production.
Answer: B
86. Which constitutional provision permits reservation in public employment for backward classes not adequately represented?
A. Article 16(4)
B. Article 19
C. Article 32
D. Article 44
Answer: A
87. Which of the following is not generally regarded as a component of social capital?
A. Trust
B. Social networks
C. Norms of reciprocity
D. Gross Domestic Product
Answer: D
88. According to Pierre Bourdieu, cultural capital includes:
A. Bank deposits.
B. Educational qualifications, language skills, and cultural knowledge.
C. Government subsidies.
D. Political representation only.
Answer: B
89. Which of the following is the best example of horizontal inequality?
A. Income differences across age groups only.
B. Persistent disparities between socially identifiable groups such as caste, ethnicity, or religion.
C. Inflation across regions.
D. Seasonal migration.
Answer: B
90. The OECD generally defines social inclusion as a process that:
A. Restricts welfare benefits.
B. Enables people to participate fully in economic, social, political, and cultural life.
C. Promotes economic growth alone.
D. Eliminates private enterprise.
Answer: B
91. Which of the following policies is least likely to reduce social exclusion?
A. Universal access to quality education.
B. Strengthening anti-discrimination laws.
C. Restricting access to healthcare for vulnerable groups.
D. Expanding financial inclusion.
Answer: C
92. Which indicator is least suitable for measuring economic exclusion?
A. Labour force participation rate.
B. Access to formal credit.
C. Household consumption expenditure.
D. Average annual rainfall.
Answer: D
93. Which of the following situations best illustrates institutional exclusion?
A. A student voluntarily leaving school.
B. A recruitment policy that indirectly disadvantages persons with disabilities due to inaccessible examination centres.
C. A worker resigning for personal reasons.
D. A family moving to another city.
Answer: B
94. Which statement best explains why economic growth alone may fail to eliminate social exclusion?
A. Growth automatically reaches every citizen equally.
B. Benefits of growth may be unevenly distributed due to structural inequalities.
C. Growth always reduces discrimination.
D. Growth eliminates poverty in every economy.
Answer: B
95. Which of the following represents the most comprehensive approach to reducing exclusion?
A. Increasing GDP alone.
B. Expanding access to education, healthcare, employment, social protection, and legal equality simultaneously.
C. Increasing imports.
D. Reducing taxation only.
Answer: B
96. A policymaker wants to reduce the digital divide in rural areas. Which intervention is likely to be most effective?
A. Increasing customs duty on smartphones.
B. Expanding broadband infrastructure along with digital literacy programmes.
C. Restricting mobile internet.
D. Reducing the number of public digital service centres.
Answer: B
97. A bank notices that women-owned micro-enterprises receive significantly fewer loans despite similar creditworthiness. This is primarily an example of:
A. Market efficiency.
B. Gender-based financial exclusion.
C. Fiscal decentralization.
D. Financial liberalization.
Answer: B
98. Which statement best reflects the relationship between social exclusion and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
A. Social exclusion is addressed only under SDG 10.
B. Reducing social exclusion contributes to achieving multiple SDGs, including poverty reduction, health, education, gender equality, decent work, and reduced inequalities.
C. SDGs focus exclusively on environmental sustainability.
D. Social exclusion is unrelated to sustainable development.
Answer: B
99. Which of the following is the strongest indicator that a society is becoming more socially inclusive?
A. Rising stock market indices.
B. Declining disparities in education, health, employment, and political participation among different social groups.
C. Increasing luxury consumption.
D. Higher imports of consumer goods.
Answer: B
100. Which statement most accurately summarizes the modern understanding of social and economic exclusion?
A. Exclusion is only a consequence of low income.
B. Social and economic exclusion is a multidimensional process involving unequal access to opportunities, resources, rights, institutions, and participation, requiring inclusive policies to ensure equitable development.
C. Exclusion exists only in developing countries.
D. Economic growth alone can eliminate all forms of exclusion.
Answer: B
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